Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

This session provides a comprehensive and systematic review of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). The lecture begins with myelin structure and physiology, mechanisms of saltatory conduction, and the impact of demyelination on neural transmission. The etiological classification of demyelinating diseases is outlined, with emphasis on the immune-mediated pathogenesis of MS. Epidemiology, risk factors, and the heterogeneous clinical course of the disease are discussed. Clinical manifestations—including optic, motor, sensory, cerebellar, brainstem, autonomic, and neuropsychiatric involvement—are reviewed in a structured manner. Clinical phenotypes (CIS, RRMS, PPMS, SPMS), relapse characteristics, disease activity criteria, and prognostic factors are explained. Diagnostic approaches such as MRI, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and evoked potentials are highlighted, along with differential diagnoses including Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and other demyelinating disorders. Current management strategies—relapse treatment, disease-modifying therapies, and symptomatic management—are presented with an emphasis on practical clinical decision-making.

Following the lecture, we held a Kahoot quiz to reinforce the key concepts, awarded prizes to the top-performing students, and concluded with an interactive Q&A session.